Correlation Coefficient Analysis

Introduction Correlation coefficient analysis is used in exploring relationship(s) between variables where there is interest in examining the strength of a relationship between variables. A correlation coefficient is a numeric measure of the amount of strength of the association or relationship between variables.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Correlation Coefficient Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, the variables are GDP per capita, economic freedom and property rights. The current case study aims to look at the statement, â€Å"the nations’ wealth appears to be highly related with a level of economic freedom and property rights† and establish its consistency or otherwise with the collected data. Consistency or inconsistency of the statement with the data The table below shows three countries that had the highest GDP per Capita value, Economic Freedom, and also Property Rights. The table also shows the countries with the lowest GDP per Capita value, Economic Freedom, and also Property Rights. Country GDP per Capita (2011) Economic Freedom Index Property Rights Index Austria $40,624.85 70.3 7.8 Denmark $47,284.65 76.2 8.2 USA $42,448.43 76.3 7.5 Nepal $370.97 50.2 4.4 Madagascar $270.99 62.4 4.1 Uganda $440.52 61.9 4.9 Source: Author (2012) From the above table, it can clearly be seen that there exists a strong relationship between a nations’ wealth (GDP per Capita), Economic Freedom, and Property Rights. From the economic performance of the selected countries, it can be observed that increase in economic freedom results in increased GDP per Capita. Similarly, increase in security of a person’s property results in increased GDP per Capita. Therefore, there is a positive correlation between the dependent variable (GDP per Capita), and the Independent variables (Economic Freedom and Property Rights). This means that an increase in the independent variable results in an increase in the dependent variable resulting in positive correlation. However, the correlation between GDP per Capita and Property Rights is stronger with a correlation coefficient of 0.8045 compared to the lower correlation coefficient of 0.6860 between GDP per Capita and Economic Freedom. Countries that have free economic freedom and the most secure freedom rights have large GDP per Capita. This can be Denmark has the highest GDP per Capita ($47,284.65) and also the most secure property rights (8.2). This country also has a high index economic freedom coming second to USA with an index of 8.2. Increased security in property ownership and rights of use means that people are more confident of the future and can invest without fear of loosing their property and hence investment.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will therefore spur growth and results in the growth of a nation’s wealth (GDP per Capita). At the same time, secure property rights regimes means that more new investors whether domestic or foreign will be willing to invest in the country. This will result in growth in the GDP. When people feel insecure about their property, they do not invest and in extreme cases may even to get out of earlier investments resulting in a decline in GDP per capita. This was the case in Uganda when the dictatorial government of Id Amin seized foreign owned property (of mostly immigrant Indians) consequently plunging Uganda in an economic crisis that has yet to recover fully. Economic freedom does not only make trade easier, but also allows healthy competition. This completion is good because it ensures that high quality products that are affordable to the customers are in the market. This will therefore result in increased GDP per Capita. Economic freedom is also associated with reduction of the pr ocess of licensing of new enterprises. This removal of unnecessary barriers to trade encourages new people to venture into business resulting in increased GDP per Capita. This case study on Correlation Coefficient Analysis was written and submitted by user L1ndsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE Essays

EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE Essays NAME: CLASS : DBT 4A DATE SUBMITTED : 14 AUG 2015 EXPERIMENT 3:EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE (VIRTUAL) INTRODUCTION Lipase is a type of enzyme known as a hydrolase and is responsible for catalysing the hydrolysis of triglycerides (the substrate) into fatty acids and glycerol. It is referred to as a hydrolase because the reaction that it catalyses is a hydrolysis reaction in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones with the addition of water. Lipase is a subclass of the esterases. Lipases usually involves in the digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids in living organisms. Lipase is primarily produced in the pancreas, but is also in the mouth and stomach. Most people produce enough pancreatic lipase. But people with some disease such as cystic fibrosis and celiac disease may not have enough lipase to get the nutrition they need from food. As I had mentioned before, lipase catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydrolyzing the esters of fatty acids. Its function is important for the digestion and promoting absorption of fats in the intestines. Reaction of the lipase enzyme can be summarized as : Lipase Lipids Fatty acids + Glycerol This experiment was carried out to study the effect of temperature on rate of lipases activity of digesting fat into fatty acid and glycerol using a pH probe. The rate of lipases activity is the measure of how fast the lipase enzyme can catalyze the procedure of breaking down the lipid into triglyceride and fatty acids, causing the pH to decrease. Enzymes are sensitive to heat so does lipase. Lipase can be denatured by high temperature and extremes of pH. Both high temperature and extremes of pH change the bonds between amino acids in the enzyme, so changing its shape. This could stop the action of lipase. Addition of bile helps the action of lipase by promoting emulsification, allowing the lipid to mix more readily and reach the active sites of the enzyme more easily, speeding up the lipid digestion in the process. PROCEDURES 1. Laber three test tubes 1 - 3. 2. Using a graduated pipette, place 5ml of milk into each test tube. 3. Then pipette 7ml of sodium carbonate solution into each test tube. 4. Pipette 1ml of 3% bile salts solution into test tubes 2 and 3. 5. Using a pipette, add 1ml of phenolphthalein solution to each tube until the mixtures are bright pink. 6. With the graduated pipette, place 1ml of lipase into tubes 1 and 3. 7. Add boiled lipase in test tube 2. Lipase should be added into each tube at the same time. Shake the tubes well so that the contents would mix. 8. Record the time taken for the contents in each test tube to change color from pink to white. RESULTS Lipid Digestion Data Action of lipase on milk Tube All three tubes contain milk, sodium carbonate and phenolphthalein and:Time taken to change from pink to white 1Lipase onlySlow 2Boiled lipase and bile saltsNo changes 3Lipase and bile saltsFast DISCUSSION The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of temperature on the breakdown of lipid by the help of bile. Action of lipase on milk was tested using substances such sodium carbonate, an alkali, phenolphthalein which is an indicator and milk that contains fats. Test tube 1 is the control where only bile salt is not used. The result shows the actual time lipase takes to break down ordinary fats. Time taken for the test tube 1 to change color from pink to white is slower compared to others. This is because lipase breaks down the lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in a slower manner. Presence of fatty acids into the tube neutralised sodium carbonate and reduced the pH. So, the color of mixture in tube 1 is changed to white. Test tube 2 is used to show the denaturing effect of heat on lipase. High temperature destroyed the lipases structure, which in turn prevents its action. Boiled lipase was denatured due to the high temperature. This means that no fats are converted, e ven in the presence of bile salts. Thus, there is no changes in pH and the color of the mixture. Test tube 3 is a similar situation as occurs in our bodies. Lipase and bile

Damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley - Assignment Example However, San Francisco’s water needs mean they are interested in damming the valley. The city argues that engineer reports indicate the valley to be the best source for sufficient water. They also state that the domestic water needs of the city’s population far outweigh the interests of campers in the valley. The anti-damming side argues that the engineer reports are faulty and unreliable, not exhausting other possible water sources for the city. Besides, damming the valley upholds the immoral and selfish commercial exploitation of nature. I advise you to vote against the Bill on the rationale that this will allow for the involvement of all stakeholders in deliberating on the issue and independent engineer investigations, both of which have been foregone in the preparation of the current bill. Background on the Hetch Hetchy and the Raker Bill: The Hetch Hetchy is a valley in California, closely related with the Yosemite Valley and lying in the wider Sierra Nevada mountain ranges (Hetch Hetchy Timeline 1). In light of the rapid commercial expansionism of America at the expense of the environment, the Harrison administration legislated and converted the entire area into the Yosemite National Park on March 3, 1891. A notable figure in sparking public awareness on conservationism and, in particular, the need to conserve the natural setting of California was John Muir, who has later headed the Sierra Club to protect the established park (United States Mint 1). Geographically, the Yosemite National Park consists of the Yosemite Valley and the Hetch Hetchy Valley (History Matters 5-6).