Differential Reproductive Success in the Science of Evolution

The term differential reproductive success sounds complicated, but it refers to a rather simple idea common in the study of evolution. The term is used when comparing the successful reproduction rates of two groups of individuals in the same generation of a species population, each exhibiting a different genetically determined characteristic or genotype. It is a term that is central to any discussion of natural selection—the cornerstone principle of evolution. Evolutionary scientists might, for example, want to study whether short height or tall height is more conducive to a species continued survival. By documenting how many individuals of each group produces offspring and in what numbers, scientists arrive at a differential reproductive success rate.   Natural Selection From an  evolutionary perspective, the overall goal of any species is to continue to the next generation. The mechanism is ordinarily rather simple:  produce as many offspring as possible to ensure that at least some of them survive to  reproduce and create the next generation. Individuals within the population of a species often compete for food, shelter, and mating partners to make sure that it is their DNA and their traits that are the ones passed down to the next generation to carry on the species. A cornerstone of the theory of evolution is this principle of natural selection. Sometimes called survival  of the fittest, natural selection is the process by which  those individuals with genetic traits better suited to their environments live long enough to reproduce many offspring, thereby passing the genes for those favorable adaptations to the next generation. Those individuals lacking the favorable traits, or possessing unfavorable traits, are likely to die off before they can reproduce, removing their genetic material from the ongoing  gene pool. Comparing Reproductive Success Rates The term differential reproductive success refers to a statistical analysis comparing successful reproduction rates between groups in a given generation of a species—in other words, how many offspring each group of individuals is able to leave behind. The analysis is used to compare two groups holding different variations of the same trait, and it provides evidence of which group is the fittest. If individuals exhibiting variation A of a trait are demonstrated to reach reproductive age more often and produce more offspring than individuals with variation B of the same trait, the differential reproductive success rate allows you to infer that natural selection is at work and that variation A is advantageous—at least for conditions at the time. Those individuals with variation A will deliver more genetic material for that trait to the next generation, making it more likely to persist and carry on to future generations. Variation B, meanwhile, is likely to gradually vanish.   Differential reproductive success can manifest in a number of ways. In some instances, a trait variation might cause individuals to live longer, thereby having more birth events that deliver more offspring to the next generation. Or, it may cause more offspring to be produced with each birth, even though lifespan remains unchanged. Differential reproductive success can be used to study natural selection in any population of any living species, from the largest mammals to the smallest microorganisms. The evolution of certain antibiotic-resistance bacteria is a classic example of natural selection, in which bacteria with a gene mutation making them resistant to drugs gradually replaced bacteria that had no such resistance. For medical scientists, identifying these strains of drug-resistant bacteria (the fittest) involved documenting the differential reproductive success rates between different strains of the bacteria.

William Frost And Gerard Manley Hopkins Nature And The...

Since the beginning of time humans have always had their own beliefs on the creation of nature. Christians believe in God and how he created the world. The story explains Adam and Eve and the forbidden fruit. The two decided to eat the fruit because of Satan and how he persuaded them to eat it. On the first day God created heaven and earth followed by the creation of other natural features during the next six days. Without nature this story would not be relevant. â€Å"Ancient Greeks practiced polytheism or the belief of many gods† (â€Å"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica† 112). They believed that certain gods controlled different parts of nature. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica mention, â€Å"puritans also believed in Satan and believed that nature was his playground† (302). They had many firm rules to steer clear of him. People often wonder how things in nature can be so beautiful and innocent. Robert Frost and Gerard Manley Hopkins describe natur e and the creation of it in their poems â€Å"Design† and â€Å"Pied Beauty†. They both express similarities and differences in nature between their two poems. Imagery is a very vital aspect in most all poems. In â€Å"Design† and â€Å"Pied Beauty† they go through an extended amount of imagery. Both poems seem to point out unusual aspects in nature. For instance, in â€Å"Pied Beauty† Hopkins states â€Å"fresh-firecoal chestnut falls; finches’ wings† (4)1. In â€Å"Design† Frost mentions â€Å"I found a dimpled spider, fat and white, / on a white heal-all, holding up

Use Of IOT For Use Of Monitoring Activities Of The Elderly Peoples

Question: Discuss about the Use Of Internet Of Things For The Use Of Monitoring The Activities Of The Elderly Peoples. Answer: Introduction: The report discusses about the use of IoT or internet of things for the use of monitoring the activities of the elderly peoples. This is done so as to eliminate the problem of feeling alone and vulnerable at their own homes (Cui 2016). The later part of the report consists of the comparing of this use of IoT for the elderly people with the DSRM methodology. IoT or internet of things refer to the system that is made up of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or peoples who are provided an identifier that is unique and has the ability of transferring data over the network without any human-to-human or human-to-computer interactions. IoT for elderly peoples: Todays world consists of many cases where it can be seen that the elderly peoples are felling alone and along with this they are also feeling vulnerable at their own homes which make them fear about a fatal fall. For this reason, the the IoT technology is adopted so as to do a proper monitoring of the elderly peoples (Zallio McGrory and Berry 2017). By the use of IoT the elderly people are able to reduce the cost for their care that is the doctors are able to track and monitor the elderly peoples remotely which eliminates the cost of the regular doctor visits. The enabling of devices remotely without moving from one part of the house to another will help in the minimising of the risks of falling due to wet floors or from the staircases. IoT has also changed the way of communication for the elderly peoples with their loved ones and this include the video calla and many other features. Even without leaving the homes the elderly peoples can keep in touch with their friends and their rel atives. the loved ones of the elderly peoples always worry about the seniors who are left alone at home specially for those peoples who are having some disability and are under the potential risk of any type of accident (Hussain et al. 2015). Many home IoT systems are there which helps in the monitoring of the peoples inside the house. Comparison with DSRM DSRM or Design Science Research Methodology mainly refers to the information technology that is based on the outcome. By application of the DSRM methodology RFID can be better understood (Alharbi and Chatterjee 2017). By the use of the IoT the elderly peoples are able to get closer to their family. Technology has greatly helped in this process by making easy availability of various digital devices and social medias to the elderly peoples where they are able to connect with their family members. The elderly people are also able to indulge themselves in the activities that are going on around them in the community (Mukhopadhyay and Suryadevara 2014). The elderly people are also able to buy things from all around the world thereby making it possible to get access to any type of product that they need. Conclusion: The above study helps to conclude that the use of IoT is the best option for serving the elderly peoples. The use of technology not only helps in monitoring of the elderly people but will also help the elderly peoples in establishing a good communication with their loved ones as well as the community. The technology also helps out the elderly people by providing them the opportunity with accessing various electronic devices present inside the house with a click of a button and by not moving from one place to another as well. family members, the doctors and the care givers are also able to keep a constant monitoring of the elderly peoples and prevent them from facing any type of risks. References: Alharbi, O. and Chatterjee, S., 2017, May. GreenCrowd: An IoT-Based Smartphone App for Residential Electricity Conservation. InInternational Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems(pp. 348-363). Springer, Cham. Cui, X., 2016. The internet of things. InEthical Ripples of Creativity and Innovation(pp. 61-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Hussain, A., Wenbi, R., da Silva, A. L., Nadher, M., Mudhish, M. (2015). Health and emergency-care platform for the elderly and disabled people in the Smart City.Journal of Systems and Software,110, 253-263. Mukhopadhyay, S.C. and Suryadevara, N.K., 2014. Internet of things: Challenges and opportunities. InInternet of Things(pp. 1-17). Springer International Publishing. Zallio, M., McGrory, J. and Berry, D., 2017, July. IoT Based Recipes for Enabling Senior Citizens: Stakeholders Views on How Integration of IoT and Web Services Can Enhance Well-Being and Inclusion of Older People. InInternational Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics(pp. 75-87). Springer, Cham.

Analysis of the poem Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essay Example For Students

Analysis of the poem Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essay Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan is a poem about a young girl of mixed race and the difficulty she finds with fitting in, or feeling a part of either, the Pakistani or the English culture. The young girl in the poem is describing gifts that were sent to her in England from Pakistan. The presents from Pakistan are beautiful but the girl feels awkward wearing them, feeling that denim and corduroy would be more suitable. In contrast the relatives in Pakistan would like the conventional English cardigans from Marks and Spencer. The poem is a sequence of personal memories. This is shown because the poem is written in the first person. The poem is written in the past as the poet is remembering the memories. When people are remembering things their minds often drift from one image to another in the way that the poem does.  As a reader you have to wait until towards the end of the poem to discover the key message in this poem. The phrase no fixed nationality sums up the feelings of the poet, being half-English she struggles to feel comfortable with either culture. The poem explores this struggle. The presents referred to in the title are described in great detail in the opening sixteen lines. The variety of clothes and their colours and textured are recalled quite affectionately. Instead of being critical of the clothes, the poet respects her aunts attempt at keeping up with fashions of the time: the salwar bottoms are appropriately narrow. The salwar kameez suggests familiar notion of exotic clothes worn by Asian women. But glass bangle, which draws blood, is symbol of how tradition harms the poet because it is not practical for the active life of a young woman in the west. This is where the girls two cultures begin to clash in the poem. As the girl tries on stain-silken top at home, she notices how the Pakistani style of the clothes seems out of place in her English sitting room. She uses the word alien to emphasise how strange the clothes look and feel in these surroundings. She also feels slightly intimidated by the gorgeous clothes saying she: could never be as lovely /as those clothes, the clothes also seem the make the girl embarrassed so that she blushes: my costume clung to me /and I was a flame,/ I couldnt rise up out of its fire. This is a powerful metaphor, which could show the young girls discomfort. Also the poet says that where her Pakistani Aunt Jamila can rise up out of its fire (look lovely in the bright colours) she felt unable to do so, because she was half English. The word costume sounds like something you put on for a show. This sense of being between two cultures is shown when the school friend asks to see Moniza Alvis weekend clothes and is not impressed. The school friends reaction also suggests that she has little idea of what her friend, a young Pakistani woman is, and is not, allowed to do at weekends, despite living in Britain. The alien nature of the items from her home culture, the camel-skin lamp and the jewellery again contrast sharply with what she feels is her English culture. She wants the camel skin lamp, but also feels that it was cruel. This shows that she is both attracted and repelled by aspects of Pakistani culture. There is both the misery and the beauty, and she does know which affects her more powerfully. .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 , .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .postImageUrl , .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 , .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746:hover , .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746:visited , .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746:active { border:0!important; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746:active , .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746 .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub08127a274d3fc5c96399fbfc444b746:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Son My Executioner: Poetry Explication EssayThe last third of the poem explores how she came to England from Pakistan, how she ended up with her English grandmother. The poem ends with the poet feeling just as awkward and out of place in Pakistan as she does in her sitting room at home. The fact that she has no fixed nationality has made her feel as if she is not fully part of either culture.  The poem uses a lot of visual detail to make us see the brightness and colour of Pakistan. This use of visual detail is appropriate in a poem about how someone sees them self. The structure of the poem is irregular, with lines starting at different places, and being of different lengths which also links into the sense of her lack of a nationality, the idea of not knowing where she is going and how long she may be there. This creates a slightly unsettled, fluid feel to the poem, reflecting the poets feelings about her identity. The use of the free verse effect in this poem helps to portray her sincerity in her words, she tells it how it is and such is the structure of the poem. The lack of any particular rhythm or rhyming scheme within the poem helps to show the idea that there is no set course in her life, no specific direction she is going, it is unpredictable. In conclusion it would seem the poet has great difficulty finding a niche between either of the cultures in which she will feel comfortable. Living within the English culture whilst having so much of her Pakistani culture as part of her history and main nationality, the presents from her aunts acting as reminders and complications, she finds them to be beautiful and extravagant yet awkward and uncomfortable. This proves to be a major complication for her, she is upset she cannot fit-in with the ordinary life style of someone living in England.

Correlation Coefficient Analysis

Introduction Correlation coefficient analysis is used in exploring relationship(s) between variables where there is interest in examining the strength of a relationship between variables. A correlation coefficient is a numeric measure of the amount of strength of the association or relationship between variables.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Correlation Coefficient Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, the variables are GDP per capita, economic freedom and property rights. The current case study aims to look at the statement, â€Å"the nations’ wealth appears to be highly related with a level of economic freedom and property rights† and establish its consistency or otherwise with the collected data. Consistency or inconsistency of the statement with the data The table below shows three countries that had the highest GDP per Capita value, Economic Freedom, and also Property Rights. The table also shows the countries with the lowest GDP per Capita value, Economic Freedom, and also Property Rights. Country GDP per Capita (2011) Economic Freedom Index Property Rights Index Austria $40,624.85 70.3 7.8 Denmark $47,284.65 76.2 8.2 USA $42,448.43 76.3 7.5 Nepal $370.97 50.2 4.4 Madagascar $270.99 62.4 4.1 Uganda $440.52 61.9 4.9 Source: Author (2012) From the above table, it can clearly be seen that there exists a strong relationship between a nations’ wealth (GDP per Capita), Economic Freedom, and Property Rights. From the economic performance of the selected countries, it can be observed that increase in economic freedom results in increased GDP per Capita. Similarly, increase in security of a person’s property results in increased GDP per Capita. Therefore, there is a positive correlation between the dependent variable (GDP per Capita), and the Independent variables (Economic Freedom and Property Rights). This means that an increase in the independent variable results in an increase in the dependent variable resulting in positive correlation. However, the correlation between GDP per Capita and Property Rights is stronger with a correlation coefficient of 0.8045 compared to the lower correlation coefficient of 0.6860 between GDP per Capita and Economic Freedom. Countries that have free economic freedom and the most secure freedom rights have large GDP per Capita. This can be Denmark has the highest GDP per Capita ($47,284.65) and also the most secure property rights (8.2). This country also has a high index economic freedom coming second to USA with an index of 8.2. Increased security in property ownership and rights of use means that people are more confident of the future and can invest without fear of loosing their property and hence investment.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will therefore spur growth and results in the growth of a nation’s wealth (GDP per Capita). At the same time, secure property rights regimes means that more new investors whether domestic or foreign will be willing to invest in the country. This will result in growth in the GDP. When people feel insecure about their property, they do not invest and in extreme cases may even to get out of earlier investments resulting in a decline in GDP per capita. This was the case in Uganda when the dictatorial government of Id Amin seized foreign owned property (of mostly immigrant Indians) consequently plunging Uganda in an economic crisis that has yet to recover fully. Economic freedom does not only make trade easier, but also allows healthy competition. This completion is good because it ensures that high quality products that are affordable to the customers are in the market. This will therefore result in increased GDP per Capita. Economic freedom is also associated with reduction of the pr ocess of licensing of new enterprises. This removal of unnecessary barriers to trade encourages new people to venture into business resulting in increased GDP per Capita. This case study on Correlation Coefficient Analysis was written and submitted by user L1ndsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE Essays

EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE Essays NAME: CLASS : DBT 4A DATE SUBMITTED : 14 AUG 2015 EXPERIMENT 3:EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE (VIRTUAL) INTRODUCTION Lipase is a type of enzyme known as a hydrolase and is responsible for catalysing the hydrolysis of triglycerides (the substrate) into fatty acids and glycerol. It is referred to as a hydrolase because the reaction that it catalyses is a hydrolysis reaction in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones with the addition of water. Lipase is a subclass of the esterases. Lipases usually involves in the digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids in living organisms. Lipase is primarily produced in the pancreas, but is also in the mouth and stomach. Most people produce enough pancreatic lipase. But people with some disease such as cystic fibrosis and celiac disease may not have enough lipase to get the nutrition they need from food. As I had mentioned before, lipase catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydrolyzing the esters of fatty acids. Its function is important for the digestion and promoting absorption of fats in the intestines. Reaction of the lipase enzyme can be summarized as : Lipase Lipids Fatty acids + Glycerol This experiment was carried out to study the effect of temperature on rate of lipases activity of digesting fat into fatty acid and glycerol using a pH probe. The rate of lipases activity is the measure of how fast the lipase enzyme can catalyze the procedure of breaking down the lipid into triglyceride and fatty acids, causing the pH to decrease. Enzymes are sensitive to heat so does lipase. Lipase can be denatured by high temperature and extremes of pH. Both high temperature and extremes of pH change the bonds between amino acids in the enzyme, so changing its shape. This could stop the action of lipase. Addition of bile helps the action of lipase by promoting emulsification, allowing the lipid to mix more readily and reach the active sites of the enzyme more easily, speeding up the lipid digestion in the process. PROCEDURES 1. Laber three test tubes 1 - 3. 2. Using a graduated pipette, place 5ml of milk into each test tube. 3. Then pipette 7ml of sodium carbonate solution into each test tube. 4. Pipette 1ml of 3% bile salts solution into test tubes 2 and 3. 5. Using a pipette, add 1ml of phenolphthalein solution to each tube until the mixtures are bright pink. 6. With the graduated pipette, place 1ml of lipase into tubes 1 and 3. 7. Add boiled lipase in test tube 2. Lipase should be added into each tube at the same time. Shake the tubes well so that the contents would mix. 8. Record the time taken for the contents in each test tube to change color from pink to white. RESULTS Lipid Digestion Data Action of lipase on milk Tube All three tubes contain milk, sodium carbonate and phenolphthalein and:Time taken to change from pink to white 1Lipase onlySlow 2Boiled lipase and bile saltsNo changes 3Lipase and bile saltsFast DISCUSSION The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of temperature on the breakdown of lipid by the help of bile. Action of lipase on milk was tested using substances such sodium carbonate, an alkali, phenolphthalein which is an indicator and milk that contains fats. Test tube 1 is the control where only bile salt is not used. The result shows the actual time lipase takes to break down ordinary fats. Time taken for the test tube 1 to change color from pink to white is slower compared to others. This is because lipase breaks down the lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in a slower manner. Presence of fatty acids into the tube neutralised sodium carbonate and reduced the pH. So, the color of mixture in tube 1 is changed to white. Test tube 2 is used to show the denaturing effect of heat on lipase. High temperature destroyed the lipases structure, which in turn prevents its action. Boiled lipase was denatured due to the high temperature. This means that no fats are converted, e ven in the presence of bile salts. Thus, there is no changes in pH and the color of the mixture. Test tube 3 is a similar situation as occurs in our bodies. Lipase and bile

Damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley - Assignment Example However, San Francisco’s water needs mean they are interested in damming the valley. The city argues that engineer reports indicate the valley to be the best source for sufficient water. They also state that the domestic water needs of the city’s population far outweigh the interests of campers in the valley. The anti-damming side argues that the engineer reports are faulty and unreliable, not exhausting other possible water sources for the city. Besides, damming the valley upholds the immoral and selfish commercial exploitation of nature. I advise you to vote against the Bill on the rationale that this will allow for the involvement of all stakeholders in deliberating on the issue and independent engineer investigations, both of which have been foregone in the preparation of the current bill. Background on the Hetch Hetchy and the Raker Bill: The Hetch Hetchy is a valley in California, closely related with the Yosemite Valley and lying in the wider Sierra Nevada mountain ranges (Hetch Hetchy Timeline 1). In light of the rapid commercial expansionism of America at the expense of the environment, the Harrison administration legislated and converted the entire area into the Yosemite National Park on March 3, 1891. A notable figure in sparking public awareness on conservationism and, in particular, the need to conserve the natural setting of California was John Muir, who has later headed the Sierra Club to protect the established park (United States Mint 1). Geographically, the Yosemite National Park consists of the Yosemite Valley and the Hetch Hetchy Valley (History Matters 5-6).